Primarily, I do not think there was a sophisticated enough level of general philosophy in the Arabian Peninsula onto which the Hermetic arts could be grafted. In retrospect, that which underpins Hermeticism is universal, so it can be applied to nearly any system, but the primary religious / spiritual worship of tribal Arabian societies was surrounding the veneration of various local protector deities, and the "wisdom" system that existed was probably more geared towards moralistic teachings and/or water rights disputes.
The trade routes were littered with Greek and Egyptian artefacts, but I don't think the environment exited within which Hermeticism could take hold.
Monotheism spread easily there, as it does not require literacy, nor any real pre-existing system of philosophy. Monotheism very easily spreads due to that very low barrier of entry, whereas Hermeticism, as
@Firetree mentions, has the pre-requisite of a textual thing, i.e. literacy, schooling, organized philosophy, etc.
If you follow the threads of Hermeticism that existed within Gnosticism, there is a single mention of an Arabian Gnostic in 2nd century pre-Islam, but the Greeks considered everything east of the Mediterranean as "Arab", so its not really indicative of anything on the Peninsula proper.
