AṦA (truth) in Avestan derives from Indo-Iranian ṛtá-, symbolizing a warrior-like pursuit of truth in early Indo-Iranian poetry, reflecting a nomadic, feudal society focused on cattle breeding. The religious poet embodies truth as a loyal follower of a feudal lord, emphasizing concepts like cosmic and social order.
Scholars interpret aṧa- and Vedic ṛtá- as representing order and righteousness. In the Gathas, Ahura Mazdā merges with abstract virtues, emphasizing that dominion arises from truth.
Jeh is a female demon in Zoroastrian texts, often misrepresented as "whore," originally meaning "woman." She embodies negative traits, associated with adultery and sorcery, and plays a crucial role in the cosmic struggle between Ahura Mazdā and Ahriman. Jeh’s actions awaken Ahriman, and she is granted power over men.
Her narrative contrasts with Spandārmad, the virtuous counterpart in Zoroastrianism. The later portrayal of Jeh as Ahriman's consort reflects a late development in Zoroastrian tradition, focusing on the duality of good and evil.
The story has parallels in other texts, leading some scholars to suggest that women were seen negatively in certain Zoroastrian views, but this interpretation is debated and considered overly simplistic. Ultimately, Jeh's characterization remains limited to specific texts without becoming a dominant mythological theme.
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